Reprogramming Glial Cells into Functional Neurons for Neuro-regeneration: Challenges and Promise / 神经科学通报·英文版

The capacity for neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain is extremely limited and highly restricted to a few regions, which greatly hampers neuronal regeneration and functional restoration after neuronal loss caused by injury or disease. Meanwhile, transplantation of exogenous neuronal stem cells into the brain encounters several serious issues including immune rejection and the risk of tumorigenesis. Recent discoveries of direct reprogramming of endogenous glial cells into functional neurons have provided new opportunities for adult neuro-regeneration. Here, we extensively review the experimental findings of the direct conversion of glial cells to neurons in vitro and in vivo and discuss the remaining issues and challenges related to the glial subtypes and the specificity and efficiency of direct cell-reprograming, as well as the influence of the microenvironment. Although in situ glial cell reprogramming offers great potential for neuronal repair in the injured or diseased brain, it still needs a large amount of research to pave the way to therapeutic application.

Reprogramming Glial Cells into Functional Neurons for Neuro-regeneration: Challenges and Promise / 神经科学通报·英文版

The capacity for neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain is extremely limited and highly restricted to a few regions, which greatly hampers neuronal regeneration and functional restoration after neuronal loss caused by injury or disease. Meanwhile, transplantation of exogenous neuronal stem cells into the brain encounters several serious issues including immune rejection and the risk of tumorigenesis. Recent discoveries of direct reprogramming of endogenous glial cells into functional neurons have provided new opportunities for adult neuro-regeneration. Here, we extensively review the experimental findings of the direct conversion of glial cells to neurons in vitro and in vivo and discuss the remaining issues and challenges related to the glial subtypes and the specificity and efficiency of direct cell-reprograming, as well as the influence of the microenvironment. Although in situ glial cell reprogramming offers great potential for neuronal repair in the injured or diseased brain, it still needs a large amount of research to pave the way to therapeutic application.

Reprogramming of Cancer Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Questioned

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Several recent studies have claimed that cancer cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). However, in most cases, cancer cells seem to be resistant to cellular reprogramming. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms of limited reprogramming in cancer cells are largely unknown. Here, we identified the candidate barrier genes and their target genes at the early stage of reprogramming for investigating cancer reprogramming.METHODS: We tried induction of pluripotency in normal human fibroblasts (BJ) and both human benign (MCF10A) and malignant (MCF7) breast cancer cell lines using a classical retroviral reprogramming method. We conducted RNA-sequencing analysis to compare the transcriptome of the three cell lines at early stage of reprogramming.RESULTS: We could generate iPSCs from BJ, whereas we were unable to obtain iPSCs from cancer cell lines. To address the underlying mechanism of limited reprogramming in cancer cells, we identified 29 the candidate barrier genes based on RNA-sequencing data. In addition, we found 40 their target genes using Cytoscape software.CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that these genes might one of the roadblock for cancer cell reprogramming. Furthermore, we provide new insights into application of iPSCs technology in cancer cell field for therapeutic purposes.

Induced pluripotent stem cells reprogramming: Epigenetics and applications in the regenerative medicine / Células-tronco de pluripotência induzida: papel da epigenética na reprogramação e sua aplicabilidade clínica

Summary Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are somatic cells reprogrammed into an embryonic-like pluripotent state by the expression of specific transcription factors. iPSC technology is expected to revolutionize regenerative medicine in the near future. Despite the fact that these cells have the capacity to self-renew, they present low efficiency of reprogramming. Recent studies have demonstrated that the previous somatic epigenetic signature is a limiting factor in iPSC performance. Indeed, the process of effective reprogramming involves a complete remodeling of the existing somatic epigenetic memory, followed by the establishment of a "new epigenetic signature" that complies with the new type of cell to be differentiated. Therefore, further investigations of epigenetic modifications associated with iPSC reprogramming are required in an attempt to improve their self-renew capacity and potency, as well as their application in regenerative medicine, with a new strategy to reduce the damage in degenerative diseases. Our review aimed to summarize the most recent findings on epigenetics and iPSC, focusing on DNA methylation, histone modifications and microRNAs, highlighting their potential in translating cell therapy into clinics.

Resumo As células-tronco de pluripotência induzida (CTPI) ou do inglês induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) são células somáticas reprogramadas para o estado embrionário por meio da expressão de fatores ectópicos de transcrição específicos, tornando-as um alvo promissor para a medicina regenerativa. Apesar das CTPI compartilharem características embrionárias, como pluripotência e capacidade de autorrenovação, elas possuem uma baixa eficiência de reprogramação, sendo a memória epigenética uma das principais barreiras nesse processo. A epigenética é caracterizada por alterações reversíveis e herdáveis no genoma funcional que não alteram a sequência de nucleotídeos do DNA. Dentre as diferentes modificações epigenéticas, destacam-se metilação de DNA, alterações em histonas e microRNA. Atualmente, sabe-se que o processo de reprogramação efetivo das CTPI envolve um completo remodelamento da memória epigenética somática existente, seguido pelo estabelecimento de uma "assinatura epigenética" que esteja de acordo com o novo tipo de célula a ser diferenciada. Modificações epigenéticas personalizadas são capazes de melhorar o rendimento e a efetividade das CTPI geradas, abrindo uma nova perspectiva para a terapia celular. Nesta revisão reunimos as principais informações sobre os fatores epigenéticos que afetam a reprogramação das CTPI, bem como seus benefícios na aplicação da terapia celular.

Cocktail of chemical compounds robustly promoting cell reprogramming protects liver against acute injury

Tissue damage induces cells into reprogramming-like cellular state, which contributes to tissue regeneration. However, whether factors promoting the cell reprogramming favor tissue regeneration remains elusive. Here we identified combination of small chemical compounds including drug cocktails robustly promoting in vitro cell reprogramming. We then administrated the drug cocktails to mice with acute liver injuries induced by partial hepatectomy or toxic treatment. Our results demonstrated that the drug cocktails which promoted cell reprogramming in vitro improved liver regeneration and hepatic function in vivo after acute injuries. The underlying mechanism could be that expression of pluripotent genes activated after injury is further upregulated by drug cocktails. Thus our study offers proof-of-concept evidence that cocktail of clinical compounds improving cell reprogramming favors tissue recovery after acute damages, which is an attractive strategy for regenerative purpose.

Nuevo método de reprogramación célular: para obtener células madre pluripotentes a partir de células somáticas: descubierto por investigadores de la Universidad de Pekín / New reprogramming method to get pluripotent stem cells: from somatic cells: discovered by Pekin University researchers

Se reseña la publicación de un importante trabajo donde se reporta el éxito obtenido por científicos chinos utilizando sustancias de bajo tamaño molecular, que actúan como reguladores de enzimas y de procesos bioquímicos de señalización, en la reprogramación de células diferenciadas de ratón para convertirlas en células madre pluripotentes similares a las células madre embrionarias y a las células madre pluripotentes inducidas por genes de factores de transcripción. Se hace referencia a las publicaciones previas de los investigadores que lograron por primera vez el mismo propósito con diferentes métodos. Se comentan las ventajas del nuevo método.

This is a review of an important publication by Chinese scientists about the successful reprogramming of differentiated murine cells to pluripotent stem cells that resemble embryonic stem cells using small-molecule compounds that act as regulators of enzymes and signaling pathways. Reference is made of previous publications by researchers who achieved for the first time the same goal by different methods. Comments on the advantages of the new method are included.

Aplicaciones méiicas de las células pluripotentes inducidas paciente-específicas / Medical applicaiions of induced pluripotent cells specific-patient / Aplicações méicaas das células pluripotentes induzidas paciente-específicas

Los recientes avances en la implementación de estrategias de reprogramación genética en células somáticas para la producción de células pluripotentes inducidas (iPS), abren la posibilidad de generar células pluripotentes para estudios del desarrollo embrionario y la diferenciación celular, herramientas para detección in vitro de nuevos medicamentos y evaluación de su eficacia y toxicidad, desarrollo de modelos in vitro de enfermedades humanas y uso en terapia celular. Las iPS, son células que muestran características fenotípicas y funcionales similares a las observadas en células madre embrionarias, sin los cuestionamientos éticos y legales de la manipulación de embriones. En particular, la generación de las células pluripotentes inducidas paciente-específicas ha permitido dilucidar los procesos fisiopatológicos de diversas enfermedades genéticas de etiología conocida y desconocida, así como plantean la posibilidad de realizar terapia celular autóloga y terapia génica basada en células para la regeneración tisular dependiendo de las necesidades individuales.

Recent advances in the implementation of strategies of genetic reprogramming somatic cells to produce induced pluripotent cells (iPS), open the possibility of generating pluripotent cells for studies of embryonic development and cell differentiation, tools for in vitro detection of new drugs and evaluation of their efficacy and toxicity, in order to develop in vitro models of human disease and use in cell therapy. iPS cells are showing phenotypic and functional characteristics similar to those seen in embryonic stem cells, without the ethical and legal questionings of the experimental manipulation of embryos. In particular, generation of patient-specific pluripotent stem cells elucidate the pathophysiological processes of various genetic diseases of known and unknown aetiology, and raises the possibility of autologous cell therapy and cell-based gene therapy for tissue regeneration depending individual needs.

Os recentes avanços na implementação de estratégias de reprogramação genética em células somáticas para a produção de células pluripotentes induzidas (iPS), abrem a possibilidade de gerar células pluripotentes para estudos do desenvolvimento embrionário e a diferenciação celular, ferramentas para detecção in vitro de novos medicamentos e avaliação da sua eficácia e toxicidade, desenvolvimento de modelos in vitro de doenças humanas e uso em terapia celular. As iPS, são células que mostram características fenotípicas e funcionais similares às observadas em células tronco embrionárias, sem os questionamentos éticos e legais da manipulação de embriões. Em particular, a geração das células pluripotentes induzidas paciente-específicas tem permitido elucidar os processos fisiopatológicos de diversas doenças genéticas de etiologia conhecida e desconhecida, assim como estabelecem a possibilidade de realizar terapia celular autóloga e terapia gênica baseada em células para a regeneração tecidual dependendo das necessidades individuais.

Molecular Culprits Generating Brain Tumor Stem Cells

Despite current advances in multimodality therapies, such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, the outcome for patients with high-grade glioma remains fatal. Understanding how glioma cells resist various therapies may provide opportunities for developing new therapies. Accumulating evidence suggests that the main obstacle for successfully treating high-grade glioma is the existence of brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs), which share a number of cellular properties with adult stem cells, such as self-renewal and multipotent differentiation capabilities. Owing to their resistance to standard therapy coupled with their infiltrative nature, BTSCs are a primary cause of tumor recurrence post-therapy. Therefore, BTSCs are thought to be the main glioma cells representing a novel therapeutic target and should be eliminated to obtain successful treatment outcomes.

Induction of somatic embryogenesis as an example of stress-related plant reactions / Inducción de embriogénesis somática como un ejemplo de las reacciones de la planta en relación al estres

In this review, we address the role of stress as one of the principal causes for a cell or tissue to change its pre-existing somatic program, reprogramming itself to express the embryogenic pathway. The focus of this paper is the effect of different stress conditions on the induction phase of plant somatic embryogenesis, as well as the development of embryogenic competence as a result of the applied stresses. We also present a variety of data that link plant somatic embryogenesis, DNA methylation and oxidative stress response.